March 26, 2021
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
FH = np.loadtxt("F-H-data.txt")
FH
array([[ 0.000e+00, 8.000e-01, -8.000e-02], [ 2.000e-06, 8.000e-01, -8.000e-02], [ 4.000e-06, 8.000e-01, -8.000e-02], ..., [ 4.994e-03, 9.440e+01, 1.072e+01], [ 4.996e-03, 9.520e+01, 1.072e+01], [ 4.998e-03, 9.520e+01, 1.072e+01]])
The first column is time in seconds, the second column is the accelerating voltage in volts, and the third column is the Franck-Hertz signal in voltage. (The Franck-Hertz signal is a current that is converted into a voltage.)
We are interested in creating a plot of the Franck-Hertz signal as a function of the accelerating voltage.
a = FH[:, 1]
sig = FH[:, 2]
a, sig
(array([ 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, ..., 94.4, 95.2, 95.2]), array([-0.08, -0.08, -0.08, ..., 10.72, 10.72, 10.72]))
plt.plot(a, sig)
plt.xlabel('Accelerating voltage (V)')
plt.ylabel('Franck-Hertz signal (V)');
hyd = np.loadtxt("hydrogen spectrum.txt", skiprows = 7)
hyd
array([[3.80000000e+02, 7.09068709e-03], [3.81000000e+02, 5.41588042e-03], [3.82000000e+02, 5.25715026e-03], ..., [9.48000000e+02, 0.00000000e+00], [9.49000000e+02, 0.00000000e+00], [9.50000000e+02, 0.00000000e+00]])
wavelength = hyd[:, 0]
I = hyd[:, 1]
wavelength, I
(array([380., 381., 382., 383., 384., 385., 386., 387., 388., 389., 390., 391., 392., 393., 394., 395., 396., 397., 398., 399., 400., 401., 402., 403., 404., 405., 406., 407., 408., 409., 410., 411., 412., 413., 414., 415., 416., 417., 418., 419., 420., 421., 422., 423., 424., 425., 426., 427., 428., 429., 430., 431., 432., 433., 434., 435., 436., 437., 438., 439., 440., 441., 442., 443., 444., 445., 446., 447., 448., 449., 450., 451., 452., 453., 454., 455., 456., 457., 458., 459., 460., 461., 462., 463., 464., 465., 466., 467., 468., 469., 470., 471., 472., 473., 474., 475., 476., 477., 478., 479., 480., 481., 482., 483., 484., 485., 486., 487., 488., 489., 490., 491., 492., 493., 494., 495., 496., 497., 498., 499., 500., 501., 502., 503., 504., 505., 506., 507., 508., 509., 510., 511., 512., 513., 514., 515., 516., 517., 518., 519., 520., 521., 522., 523., 524., 525., 526., 527., 528., 529., 530., 531., 532., 533., 534., 535., 536., 537., 538., 539., 540., 541., 542., 543., 544., 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877., 878., 879., 880., 881., 882., 883., 884., 885., 886., 887., 888., 889., 890., 891., 892., 893., 894., 895., 896., 897., 898., 899., 900., 901., 902., 903., 904., 905., 906., 907., 908., 909., 910., 911., 912., 913., 914., 915., 916., 917., 918., 919., 920., 921., 922., 923., 924., 925., 926., 927., 928., 929., 930., 931., 932., 933., 934., 935., 936., 937., 938., 939., 940., 941., 942., 943., 944., 945., 946., 947., 948., 949., 950.]), array([7.09068709e-03, 5.41588042e-03, 5.25715026e-03, 7.75613276e-03, 6.44152144e-03, 5.15540016e-03, 6.02231102e-03, 6.98690199e-03, 1.12726163e-02, 1.35803086e-02, 6.45780146e-03, 6.70607171e-03, 7.20057720e-03, 7.70322270e-03, 8.90387390e-03, 1.00882451e-02, 3.35680986e-02, 5.09063159e-02, 1.16511267e-02, 1.22372072e-02, 1.05115255e-02, 9.20301920e-03, 8.76956377e-03, 8.72072372e-03, 8.21604322e-03, 8.50908351e-03, 1.20825471e-02, 1.22433122e-02, 1.23755874e-02, 7.66328116e-02, 1.92157842e-01, 2.03283753e-02, 1.04789655e-02, 1.17060717e-02, 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plt.plot(wavelength, I)
plt.xlabel('Wavelength (nm)')
plt.ylabel('Relative intensity (a.u.)');
To make interactive plots that can be zoomed and panned to examine the features of these plots in detail, we will need two new modules. There modules are not 'standard', so we will have to install them first.
!pip install xarray
Requirement already satisfied: xarray in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (0.17.0) Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.15 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from xarray) (1.19.4) Requirement already satisfied: setuptools>=40.4 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from xarray) (49.6.0.post20201009) Requirement already satisfied: pandas>=0.25 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from xarray) (1.1.5) Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.7.3 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from pandas>=0.25->xarray) (2.8.1) Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2017.2 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from pandas>=0.25->xarray) (2020.4) Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.15 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from xarray) (1.19.4) Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.7.3->pandas>=0.25->xarray) (1.15.0)
!pip install holoviews
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import xarray as xr
import holoviews as hv
hv.extension('bokeh')
We can now construct our interactive plots. The syntax is a little unintuitive. We first have to use xarray to create the proper data structure to use in holoviews
FHdata = xr.DataArray(sig, dims=['acceleration voltage (V)'],
coords = {'acceleration voltage (V)': a},
name='Franck-Hertz signal (V)')
hv.Curve(FHdata).opts(width = 800, height = 500)
HydrogenData = xr.DataArray(I, dims=['Wavelength (nm)'],
coords = {'Wavelength (nm)': wavelength},
name='Relative intensity (a.u.)')
hv.Curve(HydrogenData).opts(width = 800, height = 500)